The Nd:YAG laser is used where very high power is needed and for boring and engraving. Nd is used for boring and where high energy but low repetition are required. The neodymium (Nd) and neodymium yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers are identical in style and differ only in application. The COĢ laser is suited for cutting, boring, and engraving.

There are three main types of lasers used in laser cutting.

Newer laser machines operating at higher power (6000 watts, as contrasted with early laser cutting machines' 1500 watt ratings) are approaching plasma machines in their ability to cut through thick materials, but the capital cost of such machines is much higher than that of plasma cutting machines capable of cutting thick materials like steel plate. Laser cutting for metals has the advantages over plasma cutting of being more precise and using less energy when cutting sheet metal however, most industrial lasers cannot cut through the greater metal thickness that plasma can. Some materials are also very difficult or impossible to cut by more traditional means. There is also a reduced chance of warping the material that is being cut, as laser systems have a small heat-affected zone. Precision may be better, since the laser beam does not wear during the process. Īdvantages of laser cutting over mechanical cutting include easier workholding and reduced contamination of workpiece (since there is no cutting edge which can become contaminated by the material or contaminate the material). For sheet metal cutting, the focal length is usually 1.5–3 inches (38–76 mm). In order to achieve the smoothest possible finish during contour cutting, the direction of beam polarization must be rotated as it goes around the periphery of a contoured workpiece. This beam is normally focused and intensified by a lens or a mirror to a very small spot of about 0.001 inches (0.025 mm) to create a very intense laser beam. The parallel rays of coherent light from the laser source often fall in the range between 0.06–0.08 inches (1.5–2.0 mm) in diameter. Piercing usually involves a high-power pulsed laser beam which slowly makes a hole in the material, taking around 5–15 seconds for 0.5-inch-thick (13 mm) stainless steel, for example.

In order to be able to start cutting from somewhere other than the edge, a pierce is done before every cut. Depending upon material thickness, kerf widths as small as 0.004 inches (0.10 mm) are possible. The narrowest part of the focused beam is generally less than 0.0125 inches (0.32 mm). Mirrors or fiber optics are typically used to direct the coherent light to a lens, which focuses the light at the work zone. As the lasing material is stimulated, the beam is reflected internally by means of a partial mirror, until it achieves sufficient energy to escape as a stream of monochromatic coherent light. Generation of the laser beam involves stimulating a lasing material by electrical discharges or lamps within a closed container. Industrial laser cutting of steel with cutting instructions programmed through the CNC interface At the same time COĢ lasers were adapted to cut non-metals, such as textiles, because, at the time, COĢ lasers were not powerful enough to overcome the thermal conductivity of metals. In the early 1970s, this technology was put into production to cut titanium for aerospace applications. In 1967, the British pioneered laser-assisted oxygen jet cutting for metals. This machine was made by the Western Electric Engineering Research Center.

In 1965, the first production laser cutting machine was used to drill holes in diamonddies. Industrial laser cutters are used to cut flat-sheet material as well as structural and piping materials. The focused laser beam is directed at the material, which then either melts, burns, vaporizes away, or is blown away by a jet of gas, leaving an edge with a high-quality surface finish. A commercial laser for cutting materials involved a motion control system to follow a CNC or G-code of the pattern to be cut onto the material. The and CNC (computer numerical control) are used to direct the material or the laser beam generated. Laser cutting works by directing the output of a high-power laser most commonly through optics. Laser cutting is a technology that uses a laser to cut materials, and is typically used for industrial manufacturing applications, but is also starting to be used by schools, small businesses, and hobbyists. CAD (top) and stainless steel laser-cut part (bottom)

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